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Otolith microchemical analysis
Otolith microchemical analysis is a technique used in fisheries management and fisheries biology to delineate stocks and characterize movements, and natal origin of fish. The concentrations of elements and isotopes in otoliths are compared to those in the water in which the fish inhabits in order to identify where it has been. The largest of the three otoliths, or ear bones, the sagitta is analyzed by one of several methods to determine the concentrations of various trace elements and stable isotopes.
==Relevance==
Fisheries management requires intimate knowledge of fish life history traits. Migration patterns and spawning areas are key life history traits in the management of many species. If a fish is migrating between two regions that are managed separately then it will be managed as two separate stocks unless this migration can be understood. If this migration is not discovered then overfishing of the stock may occur because managers assume there is double the amount of fish. In the past costly and inefficient tag and recapture studies were needed to discover such migration patterns. Today otolith microchemistry provides a simpler way to assess migration patterns of fish. Otolith microchemistry has been used to identify and delineate Atlantic cod stocks in Canadian waters.〔Campana, S. E., Fowler, A. J. and C. M. Jones. 1994. Otolith elemental fingerprinting for stock identification of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic science 51: 1942-1950〕 It has also been used to determine the migratory patterns of anadromous whitefish.〔Halden, N.M. and L.A. Friedrich. 2008. Trace-element distribution in fish otoliths: natural markers of life histories, environmental conditions and exposure to tailings effluence. Mineralogical Magazine 73:593-605.
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Natal origin is equally critical to understand because areas where fish spawn and inhabit during their critical larval period must be identified and protected. Natal origin is also important in determining whether regions are sources or sinks for stocks of fish. In the past natal origin had to be assumed based upon collection on spawning grounds. In recent years otolith microchemistry has shown that this is not always the case. It has provided an accurate way to assess the natal origin of fish without collecting them on the spawning grounds. Otolith microchemistry has been used to accurately identify estuarine nursery areas of fish.〔Thorrold, S. R., Jones, C. M., Swart, P. K. and T. E. Targett. 1998. Accurate classification of juvenile weakfish Cyniscion regalis to estuarine nursery areas based on chemical signatures in otoliths. Marine ecology progress series 173: 253-265〕
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